不同育秧方式和插植密度下晚籼稻群体动态结构的研究

不同育秧方式和插植密度下晚籼稻群体动态结构存在差异。旱育秧群体分蘖速度快,分蘖能力强。稀植可促进个体分蘖多发、有效穗数增多,但旱育稀植并无分蘖早发的优势。旱育稀植使主茎基部叶片变短而上部叶片变长,生育后期叶面积消长平稳,地上部干物质积累较多。旱育秧、稀植都使主茎叶总数增多,全生育期延长。     

Sea trout Salmo trutta in the subarctic: home-bound but large variation in migratory behaviour between and within populations

Anadromous brown trout (sea trout), Salmo trutta, is currently in decline throughout its range, largely due to anthropogenic stressors in freshwater and marine habitats. Acoustic telmetry was utilized to study the marine migration of sea trout post-smolts from three populations in a relatively pristine subarctic fjord system. While at sea, the sea trout spent a substantial part of their time close to their natal river, preferred near shore over pelagic habitats and were strongly surface oriented. Despite a fidelity towards local areas, the sea trout utilized various parts of the fjord system, with maximum dispersion >30 km and total migration distance >300 km. Almost half of the sea trout (44%) migrated between river outlets, indicating that a metapopulation approach may be appropriate when managing neighbouring sea trout populations at high latitudes. Furthermore, the different populations displayed different migratory behaviours in terms of distance migrated, dispersion from origin and the likelihood of leaving their home area. This variation in migratory behaviour is likely influenced by spatiotemporal differences in habitat quality between sites, indicating that local habitat variations may promote population-specific behavioural responses even in relatively confined fjord systems.     

Nitrogen fertiliser and establishment method affect growth,yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation

Sustainable rice production through selection of best suitable cultivar, water-efficient crop establishment method and optimum nitrogen (N) management practice is needed to feed the growing world population. Two polyhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of rice to different rates and schedules of N application under different establishment methods subjected to alternate wetting and drying (AWD) irrigation. In the first experiment, the response of two rice cultivars (Pathumthani 1, RD57) under three establishment methods (transplanting [TP], wet direct seeding [WDS], dry direct seeding [DDS]) and five N rates (0 [N₀], 30 [N₃₀], 60 [N₆₀], 90 [N₉₀], 120 [N₁₂₀] kg ha⁻¹) was evaluated. The second experiment consisted of the same cultivars and establishment methods, but with four N application schedules (T₁: 100% at basal; T₂: 75% + 25% at basal and at active tillering, respectively; T₃: 50% + 25% + 25% at basal, at active tillering and at panicle initiation, respectively; and T₄: 25% + 25% + 25% + 25% each at basal, at active tillering, at panicle initiation and at early flowering or just before heading starts) applied at the rate of N₆₀ kg ha⁻¹. Plants were maintained under AWD irrigation (soil was saturated by applying water whenever soil water potential drops to −5 kPa during the implementation period) in both experiments. RD57 performed better than Pathumthani 1 having higher shoot dry matter, panicle number, grain yield, total N uptake and apparent N recovery efficiency. TP gave better response than WDS and DDS regardless of cultivars. Application of N₁₂₀ resulted in better growth, yield and its components and total N uptake regardless of establishment methods and cultivars. Increasing N rate decreased N use efficiency (NUE). Scheduling the interval of N application to two or three times (T₂ or T₃) for RD57 and Pathumthani 1, respectively, provided overall better results, and could be recommended for the tested rice cultivars. An optimal N rate and selection of critical growth stages for N application would be very effective for maximising yield and NUE under the water-saving cultivation technique of AWD irrigation.     

樟叶越桔组培苗生根和移栽技术研究

为解决樟叶越桔(Vaccinium dunalianum)组培苗生根质量不佳、移栽成活率低的问题,该研究以樟叶越桔继代苗为材料,采用单因子试验从激素类型及浓度、培养基类型和蔗糖质量浓度对其生根的适宜条件进行筛选,进一步研究了不同基质配比对樟叶越桔移栽苗存活率的影响。结果表明:激素类型和浓度、培养基类型对樟叶越桔生根率的影响最大,其次为蔗糖质量浓度;最适合樟叶越桔生根的激素及浓度为IBA2.0 mg·L~(-1)、基本培养基类型为1/4MS、蔗糖质量浓度为15 g·L~(-1),樟叶越桔组培苗最佳生根培养基为1/4MS+IBA 2.0 mg·L~(-1)+活性炭0.1 g·L~(-1)+蔗糖15 g·L~(-1),生根率达100%,平均生根数为每株7.67条;根系呈辐射状、基部无愈伤组织,组培苗生长健壮、叶色浓绿;樟叶越桔组培苗移栽时以全腐殖土基质为佳,成活率为83.7%,植株叶片舒展,生长状况良好。该研究建立的优化体系有效地提高了樟叶越桔组培生根苗的生根率和生根质量,解决了后期移栽成活困难的问题,为优良的樟叶越桔植株规模化生产提供了科学依据和技术支持。     

NaCl胁迫下高纬度移植桐花树幼苗的生理生态效应

通过砂培试验,研究了不同浓度NaCl(0、100、200、300和400 mmol·L-1)处理对高纬度移植桐花树幼苗生物量、离子吸收、碳氮代谢、叶片光合色素和叶片抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:100 mmol·L-1NaCl处理对桐花树生长有轻微的促进作用,当NaCl浓度达到300mmol·L-1时,桐花树根、茎、叶器官的干鲜质量、根冠比、株高和基径均显著下降.高盐胁迫抑制了叶片抗氧化系统中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性,提高了丙二醛含量,降低了叶片中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素总量以及根茎叶的可溶性总糖和游离氨基酸总量.不同浓度NaCl胁迫下,桐花树根茎叶中Na+含量快速上升,K+含量相对下降,K+/Na+快速下降,导致各器官中离子平衡失调.当NaCl浓度高于300 mmol·L-1时,桐花树根茎叶的碳氮代谢运转失调,抑制了植株的正常生长,导致各器官的生物量显著下降.     

A Comparative Test of Mechanized and Manual Transplanting of Eelgrass, Zostera marina, in Chesapeake Bay

Abstract The laborious process of manual seagrass transplanting has often limited the size of seagrass restoration efforts. This study tested the efficiency of a mechanized planting boat, previously used for transplanting Halodule wrightii, relative to manual transplanting methods for establishing Zostera marina in Chesapeake Bay. Eelgrass planting was conducted at two sites, one each in the Rappahannock and James rivers, in October 2001. The methods were evaluated by three criteria: (1) initial planting success = proportion of attempted planting units (PUs) initially established (number confirmed in sediment by divers/number attempted); (2) survival = proportion of the initially established PUs persisting over 1, 4, and 24 weeks; and (3) efficiency = labor (in person·seconds) invested in each surviving PU. Initial planting success was significantly lower for the planting boat (24 and 56% at the Rappahannock and James sites, respectively) than for manual transplanting (100% at both sites). At the Rappahannock site, survival of initially established PUs declined over time for both methods, but while mean survival was always higher for manually planted rows, differences in survival between methods were not statistically significant. At the James site, survival to 1 and 4 weeks was significantly lower for the machine than for the manual method, but survival to 24 weeks was not significantly different. While the machine was able to attempt PUs faster than the manual method (2.2 s/PU vs. 5.8 s/PU, respectively), this speed was offset by poorer planting success rates, resulting in a much greater total labor investment for each machine‐planted PU that persisted to 24 weeks than for each similarly persisting manually planted PU (40.6 person·seconds/PU and 22.4 person·seconds/PU, respectively, averaged across sites). In summary, those PUs successfully planted by the machine survived similarly to PUs planted by hand, but as a result of poorer initial planting success, the machine required a greater investment of labor and plant donor stock for each PU surviving to 24 weeks. Therefore, in its tested configuration this planting boat is not a significant improvement over the manual method for transplanting eelgrass.     

Real time expression of ACC oxidase and PR-protein genes mediated by Methylobacterium spp. in tomato plants challenged with Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria

Biotic stress like pathogenic infection increases ethylene biosynthesis in plants and ethylene inhibitors are known to alleviate the severity of plant disease incidence. This study aimed to reduce the bacterial spot disease incidence in tomato plants caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (XCV) by modulating stress ethylene with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase activity of Methylobacterium strains. Under greenhouse condition, Methylobacterium strains inoculated and pathogen challenged tomato plants had low ethylene emission compared to pathogen infected ones. ACC accumulation and ACC oxidase (ACO) activity with ACO related gene expression increased in XCV infected tomato plants over Methylobacterium strains inoculated plants. Among the Methylobacterium spp., CBMB12 resulted lowest ACO related gene expression (1.46 Normalized Fold Expression), whereas CBMB20 had high gene expression (3.42 Normalized Fold Expression) in pathogen challenged tomato. But a significant increase in ACO gene expression (7.09 Normalized Fold Expression) was observed in the bacterial pathogen infected plants. In contrast, Methylobacterium strains enhanced β-1,3-glucanase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzyme activities in pathogen challenged tomato plants. The respective increase in β-1,3-glucanase related gene expressions due to CBMB12, CBMB15, and CBMB20 strains were 66.3, 25.5 and 10.4% higher over pathogen infected plants. Similarly, PAL gene expression was high with 0.67 and 0.30 Normalized Fold Expression, in pathogen challenged tomato plants inoculated with CBMB12 and CBMB15 strains. The results suggest that ethylene is a crucial factor in bacterial spot disease incidence and that methylobacteria with ACC deaminase activity can reduce the disease severity with ultimate pathogenesis-related protein increase in tomato.     

An evaluation of factors affecting vertical distribution among recruits of Calanus finmarchicus in three adjacent high-latitude localities

The vertical distributions of populations of Calanus finmarchicus are described in three different fjord areas near Tromse, northern Norway during May 1986. These localities (Malangen, Grøtsund and Balsfjorden) had characteristic differences in temperature, phytoplankton and population density of copepods. They probably are representative annual situations during the spring and summer period for coastal and fjord areas in northern Norway. Copepodite stage I and II C. finmarchicus are found in the surface waters (0–30 m) during a 24 h cycle, while the other stages appear to have a different diel depth distribution in Malangen. Pronounced differences in the depth distribution of the various copepodite stages and adult females were found in Grøtsund and Balsfjorden during the same period of the day on 20 and 21 May. The tendency for vertical overlap among CI–CV was clearly less pronounced in an environment with low phytoplankton standing stock and high population density of copepods. The patterns of vertical distribution are analysed by multidimentional scaling (MDS) and it is evident that the distribution pattern of C. finmarchicus is different at each locality. These preliminary results, are discussed in relation to ontogenetic vertical migration and aspects of resource partitioning and the possible importance of vertical separation for reducing competitive interactions between the different life stages of C. finmarchicus.